Confirmation bias in human reinforcement learning: Evidence from counterfactual feedback processing
Stefano Palminteri, Germain Lefebvre, Emma J. Kilford et al.
2017 · PLoS Computational Biology · 245 citations
Previous studies suggest that factual learning, that is, learning from obtained outcomes, is biased, such that participants preferentially take into account positive, as compared to negative, prediction errors. However, whether or not the prediction error valence also affects counterfactual learning, that is, learning from forgone outcomes, is unknown. To address this question, we analysed the performance of two groups of participants on reinforcement learning tasks using a computational model that was adapted to test if prediction error valence influences learning. We carried out two experim…
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