Mendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology
Debbie A. Lawlor, Roger Harbord, Jonathan A C Sterne et al.
2007 · Statistics in Medicine · 4,952 citations
Observational epidemiological studies suffer from many potential biases, from confounding and from reverse causation, and this limits their ability to robustly identify causal associations. Several high-profile situations exist in which randomized controlled trials of precisely the same intervention that has been examined in observational studies have produced markedly different findings. In other observational sciences, the use of instrumental variable (IV) approaches has been one approach to strengthening causal inferences in non-experimental situations. The use of germline genetic variants…
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